Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against COVID-19 in Latin America

Abstract Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID--19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. Methods A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. Results The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. Conclusion The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.

"Game (not) Over": A Systematic Review of Video Game Disorder in Adolescents / "Game (not) Over": una Revision Sistemática del Trastorno por Uso de Videojuegos en Adolescentes

Abstract This study aims to characterize video game use disorder in adolescents, identifying the particularities of those who present it, its effects at the brain level, related factors, and existing measurement instruments. A systematic review of the scientific publications available in Scopus was carried out, between the period 2014-2018 on video game use disorder in adolescents. Adolescents with this disorder are characterized by being mostly men, spending more time daily and weekly playing than adolescents without this disorder, showing diverse symptoms in the behavioral, affective, and cognitive areas. At brain level, it is referred that in this disorder there is an increase and decrease in the activation of specific areas of the brain. Likewise, the presence of some psychological disorder and impulsivity are considered factors that increase the risk of suffering from it. However, there are protective factors as school commitment and parental supervision, among others.

Resumen Este estudio pretende caracterizar el trastorno por uso de videojuegos en adolescentes, identificando las particularidades de quienes lo presentan, sus efectos a nivel cerebral, los factores relacionados y los instrumentos de medición existentes. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones científicas disponibles en Scopus, entre el periodo 2014-2018, sobre el trastorno por uso de videojuegos en adolescentes. Sus resultados describen que adolescentes con este trastorno se caracterizan por ser en su mayoría hombres, dedicar más tiempo diario y semanal de juego que adolescentes sin este trastorno, mostrando diversos síntomas en el área conductual, afectiva y cognitiva. A nivel cerebral se refiere que en este trastorno se presenta una elevación y disminución en la activación de determinadas zonas específicas del cerebro. Asimismo, la presencia de algún trastorno psicológico y la impulsividad, son considerados factores que aumentan el riesgo de padecerlo. Sin embargo, existen factores protectores como el compromiso escolar y la supervisión parental, entre otros.

Gerontología: un mirada bibliométrica de las citaciones clásicas en Web Of Science (1975-2018) / Gerontology: a bibliometric look at classical citations in Web Of Science (1975-2018)

Resumen La gerontología es comprendida como un enfoque interdisciplinario que aborda el proceso de envejecimiento y vejez. El presente artículo caracteriza la evolución de la investigación en el campo gerontológico durante los últimos 44 años a través de un análisis bibliométrico de los trabajos de mayor impacto en el área. Se revisaron 94 publicaciones de la colección principal de la Web of Science (WoS) de Thomson Reuters en el periodo 1975-2018. Se analizan las publicaciones y su evolución longitudinal, el acoplamiento de documentos clásicos, áreas de investigación, autores y co-autorías, revistas y países. Se concluye que Estados Unidos es el país que reúne la mayor cantidad de publicaciones, citas y revistas de difusión de textos clásicos.

Abstract Gerontology is understood as an interdisciplinary approach that addresses the process of aging and old age. The present article characterizes the evolution of research in the gerontological field during the last 44 years through a bibliometric analysis of the works of greatest impact in the area. Ninety-four publications were reviewed from the main collection of the Web of Science (WoS) by Thomson Reuters in the period 1975-2018. The publications and their longitudinal evolution, the coupling of classic documents, research areas, authors and co-authors, journals and countries are analyzed. It is concluded that the United States is the country with the largest number of publications, citations and journals disseminating classical texts.

Abnormal childhood in Chile and the experimental pedagogy of Wilhelm Mann (1860-1920) / A infância anormal no Chile e a pedagogia experimental de Wilhelm Mann (1860-1920) / La infancia anormal en Chile y la pedagogía experimental de Wilhelm Mann (1860-1920)

Abstract The analyzes carried out by Michel Foucault in the mid-1970s show the emergence of a disciplinary power in the West and the figure of the "mentally weak" in the educational field. This panorama drives the appearance of various theoretical elaborations and intervention modalities called by the author "psi function", which in the case of childhood reaches a remarkable productivity in France at the beginning of the 20th century. This article takes up these issues in order to investigate, in the case of Chile, the deployment of the psychological knowledge and practices that deal with those children who, for various reasons, fail to adapt to the rules imposed by the school system. A historiographic method was used, through the work of archiving and using primary sources with a complement of secondary sources. Among the findings, the crucial contributions of Wilhelm Mann, a German pedagogue and a pioneer figure of psychology in Chile regarding abnormal childhood at the beginning of the 20th century are analyzed. Based on this, a part of his production is explored and analyzed to illuminate the way in which Mann introduces himself into European institutional debates and models and begins to think about an intervention modality on children at the local level.

Resumo As análises realizadas por Michel Foucault até meados da década de 1970 tratam do surgimento de um poder disciplinar no ocidente e da figura do "débil mental" no contexto educativo. Esse panorama impulsiona a aparição de diversas elaborações teóricas e modalidades de intervenção denominadas pelo autor como "função psi", que, no caso da infância, alcança uma notável produtividade na França do início do século XX. O presente artigo retoma essas questões com o objetivo de indagar, no caso do Chile, o desdobramento desses saberes e práticas psicológicas que se ocupam daquelas crianças que, por diferentes motivos, não conseguem se adaptar às normas impostas pelo dispositivo escolar. Utilizou-se um método de tipo historiográfico, por meio do trabalho de arquivo e uso de fontes primárias com um complemento de fontes secundárias. Entre as descobertas, analisam-se as colaborações cruciais de Wilhelm Mann, pedagogo alemão e figura pioneira da psicologia no Chile, com respeito à infância anormal no início do século XX. Com isso, uma parte de sua produção é explorada e analisada para iluminar o modo em que Mann se introduz nos debates e nos modelos institucionais europeus e começa a pensar em uma modalidade de intervenção sobre a infância em um contexto local.

Resumen Los análisis realizados por Michel Foucault hacia mediados de la década de 1970 dan cuenta del surgimiento de un poder disciplinario en occidente y de la figura del "débil mental" en el ámbito educativo. Este panorama impulsa la aparición de diversas elaboraciones teóricas y modalidades de intervención denominadas por el autor como "función psi", que en el caso de la infancia alcanza una notable productividad en la Francia de comienzos del siglo XX. El presente artículo retoma estas cuestiones con el fin de indagar, en el caso de Chile, el despliegue de esos saberes y prácticas psicológicas que se ocupan de aquellos niños que, por motivos diversos, no logran adaptarse a las normas que impone el dispositivo escolar. Se utilizó un método de tipo historiográfico, mediante el trabajo de archivo y uso de fuentes primarias con un complemento de fuentes secundarias. Entre los hallazgos, se analizan los cruciales aportes de Wilhelm Mann, pedagogo alemán y figura pionera de la psicología en Chile, respecto de la infancia anormal a comienzos del siglo XX. Con esto, se explora y analiza una parte de su producción para iluminar el modo en que Mann se introduce en los debates y los modelos institucionales europeos y comienza a pensar una modalidad de intervención sobre la infancia a nivel local.

Uso medicinal de cannabis: una revisión de la evidencia / Medicinal use of cannabis: a review of the evidence

Resumen Este estudio pretende reportar la evidencia actual sobre el uso medicinal de cannabis existente en la base de datos Scopus. Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de las publicaciones científicas, entre el periodo 2013-2017, disponibles en Scopus sobre el uso medicinal de cannabis. Estados Unidos es el país con mayor cantidad de publicaciones, seguido de Canadá e Israel; existiendo un aumento progresivo y constante de la evidencia entre los años 2013 y 2017. Los contenidos de las publicaciones versan sobre efectos beneficiosos y adversos para la salud, consecuencias de la legislación del cannabis y su asociación con diversas variables. Existe una falta de estudios en uso medicinal de cannabis respecto a tratamientos y enfermedades, su estandarización, vías de administración y dosis, dando cuenta de la necesidad de un volumen mayor de investigaciones al respecto.

Abstract This study aims to report the current evidence on the medicinal use of cannabis in the Scopus database. A systematic review of the scientific publications was carried out, between the period 2013-2017, available in Scopus on the medicinal use of cannabis. The United States is the country with the most publications, followed by Canada and Israel; there is a progressive and constant increase in the evidence between 2013 and 2017. The contents of the publications are about beneficial and adverse effects on health, the consequences of cannabis legislation and its association with various variables. There is a lack of studies on the medicinal use of cannabis in relation to treatments and diseases, its standardization, administration routes and doses, giving account of the need for a greater volume of research in this regard.

Evidencias psicométricas iniciales de la escala de autoeficacia para envejecer (EAEE) en adultos mayores peruanos / Evidence psychometric initial of the scale of self-efficacy for aging (EAEE) in peruvian elderly

Resumen El estudio examina las evidencias psicométricas de la Escala de Autoeficacia para Envejecer (EAEE) en una muestra de 400 adultos mayores (75.2% mujeres y 24.8% hombres) de la ciudad de Trujillo (Perú) con una edad promedio de 73.37 años (DE = 7.86). Los participantes completaron la EAEE junto con medidas de satisfacción con la vida y depresión. El análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE), reveló que la EAEE presentaba una estructura factorial unidimensional. El análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), mostró que el modelo unidimensional tenía un ajuste aceptable (S-Bχ2 = 54.02, df = 345 p = .001; S-Bχ2/df = 1.54; CFI = .97; RMSEA = .052 [IC90% .021, .078]; y SRMR = .049; AIC= 118.96) y una confiabilidad adecuada (ω = .88 [IC95% .84 - .91]; α = .88 [IC95%: .84 - .91]). Los puntajes de la EAEE se correlacionaron de manera positiva con la satisfacción con la vida (r = .56, p< .01 [IC95%: .46, .79]) y negativa con la depresión (r = -.48, p< .01 [IC95%: -.37, -.73]). Los resultados sugieren que la EAEE presenta evidencias de validez basada en la estructura interna, convergente y discriminante, así como una adecuada confiabilidad.

Abstract The study examines the psychometric evidences of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Aging (EAEE) in a sample of 400 older adults (75.2% women and 24.8% men) from the city of Trujillo (Peru) with an average age of 73.37 years (DE = 7.86). The participants completed the EAEE along with measures of life satisfaction and depression. The exploratory factor analysis (AFE) revealed that the EAEE presented a one-dimensional factorial structure. The confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that the one-dimensional model had an acceptable fit (S-Bχ2 = 54.02, df = 345 p = .001; S-Bχ2/df = 1.54; CFI = .97; RMSEA = .052 [IC90% .021, .078]; y SRMR = .049; AIC= 118.96) and an adequate reliability (ω = .88 [IC95% .84 - .91]; α = .88 [IC95%: .84 - .91]). EAEE scores correlated positively with satisfaction with life (r = .56, p< .01 [IC95%: .46, .79]) and negative with depression (r = -.48, p< .01 [IC95%: -.37, -.73]). The results suggest that the EAEE presents evidence of validity based on the internal structure, convergent and discriminant, as well as an adequate reliability.

La fotografía como medio narrativo para la co-construcción de identidades alternativas en contexto de abuso de drogas / Photography as a Narrative Medium for the Co-Construction of Alternative Identities in the Context of Drug Abuse / A fotografia como um meio narrativo para co- construção de identidades alternativas no contexto do abuso de drogas

Resumen (descriptivo): En este artículo presentamos una reflexión teórica, enmarcada epistemológicamente desde el construccionismo social, sobre cómo los retratos fotográficos pueden configurarse como un medio narrativo que facilita la co-construcción de identidades descentradas y alternativas a la identidad dominante de drogadicto. Abordamos la red teórica que otorga sustento a tal reflexión y posteriormente describimos una aplicación práctica de esta junto a un grupo de jóvenes en contexto de abuso de drogas. Concluimos que la fotografía se configura como un medio narrativo para la utilización terapéutica en la medida en que es posible atribuirle significados a través del lenguaje, emergiendo como un medio respetuoso, innovador y pragmático que pudiera enriquecer los tratamientos convencionales de drogas, en lo que respecta a la promoción de identidades alternativas. Palabras clave autores: construccionismo social, narrativa.

Abstract (descriptive): In this article we present a theoretical reflection, framed epistemologically from social constructionism, on how photographic portraits can be configured as a narrative medium that facilitates the co - construction of decentred and alternative identities to the dominant identity of drug addict. We approach the theoretical network that supports this reflection and later we describe a practical application of this with a group of young people in the context of drug abuse. We conclude that photography is configured as a narrative medium for therapeutic use to the extent that as it is possible to give meanings to it through language, emerging as a respectful, innovative and pragmatic medium that could enrich conventional drug treatments, related to the promotion of alternative identities. Authors key words: Social constructionism, narrative.

Resumo (descritivo): Neste artigo, apresentamos uma reflexão teórica, enquadrada epistemologicamente pelo construcionismo social, sobre a forma como os retratos fotográficos podem ser configurados como um meio narrativo que facilita a co-construção de identidades descentralizadas e alternativas à identidade dominante do toxicodependente. Abordamos a rede teórica que apoia essa reflexão e depois descrevemos uma aplicação prática deste, juntamente com um grupo de jovens no contexto do abuso de drogas. Concluímos que a fotografia é configurada como um meio narrativo para uso terapêutico na medida em que é possível atribuir significados a ela através da linguagem, emergindo assim como um meio respeitoso, inovador e pragmático que poderia enriquecer os tratamentos de drogas convencionais, no que se refere à promoção de identidades alternativas. Palavras-chave autores: construcionismo social, narrativa.